星期二

【簡介】泰雅與賽夏族民歌 Folk Songs Of Tayal and Saiset Aborigines

轉載自:黑膠內頁;台灣音樂辭典

■ 前言

2008 年上網標下第一唱片出版的『中國民俗音樂專輯第十九輯:泰雅與賽夏族民歌』(1984 年 1 月出版)黑膠唱片,將內頁文字轉載如下,與樂友分享。

■ 台灣山胞的民歌

台灣原住民-山胞,雖然是屬於馬來印尼語系民族,但是,由於地理上位於這個民族文化區的東北端,並且與外界文化隔絕了很長時期,所以仍保持這一語系民族的較純粹而固有的古層次文化。

台灣山胞的民歌是獨特的,當東南亞地區的同一語系原住民族,除了民歌之外,更發展了打擊樂器音樂,或民俗與古典的舞蹈音樂的時候,台灣山胞的音樂活動卻幾乎限於歌唱,但無論形式或內容,都達到極豐富或複雜的地步。

台灣山胞的歌唱藝術的形式包括:從人類歌唱起源的最原始型態,到近代歌唱形式的的最複雜方式;內容上包括:從古老祭祀與勞動類到生活與娛樂上一切場合的歌唱,實在使人嘆而觀止。在世界上古層次民族音樂中,他們的民歌無疑是最優秀的!形成最驚奇的民族音樂寶庫。

可惜,由於近幾十年來新文明的衝擊、古老的山胞民歌逐漸被人忘卻,這個民族音樂的寶庫正面臨枯乾乃到消失的威脅。這是多麼遺憾而不幸的事情。所以我們將二十年來的蒐集,做有系統的出版,將這一民族音樂寶庫呈現給大家,目的便要做一個音樂史與民族音樂學的交代。

台灣山胞民歌,從不同演唱形式可以如下分類(根據黑澤隆朝):

A 單音唱法:a 朗誦式
      b 曲調式(或民歌式)
      c 對唱式
      d 領唱與眾唱應答式

B 複音唱法:a 歐卡那姆式
      b 卡農式
      c 頑固低音式
      d 自由對位式


陳先慈

C 合聲唱法:a 自然和弦式(或泛音式)
      b 協和和弦式
      c 自由和聲式
      d 異音式

而從不同歌唱內容可以如下分類(根據呂炳川):

A 勞動歌曲:a 戰爭
      b 打獵
      c 農耕
      d 捕魚
      e 其他

B 生活歌類:a 酒宴
      b 愛情
      c 遊戲
      d 人生觀
      e 其他

C 祭典歌類:a 祭祖
      b 祭人頭
      c 祭農物
      d 成年儀式
      e 其他

D 敘述歌類:a 傳說
      b 述祖先開基
      c 述現生活的進步
      d 回憶過去生活
      e 其他

台灣山胞的總人口大約廿四萬(1965),只佔台灣省人口的六十六分之一,但是他們聚居的區域卻幾乎佔了台灣全部面積的二分之一強。台灣現有的山胞,因語系(方言)及文化特徵之不同,被民族學者曾做過種種不同族群分類,今天被承認的為十分法:泰雅、賽夏、布農、曹、邵、阿美、卑南、魯凱、排灣、雅美各族群。他們的分佈圖如下:



而且,最令人驚異的是山胞十個族群不但有不同方言歌詞,更有不同歌唱形式與內容。

■ 泰雅族的民歌

一作『泰雅爾』、『泰雅魯』,舊作『太么』,原意為『人』,約西元前第三個千年的先陶時代(pre-ceramic age)來台,是台灣原住民中最早來台定居之族群之一。泰雅族分佈甚廣,是僅次於阿美族的原住民第二大族群,分佈於中部至北部山地的泰雅族,他們所居住的地域幾乎佔有台灣的三分之一面積,而根據日據時代的統計人口達十三萬多,但近年(一九七○年台灣省政府民政廳山地科的統計)卻減少為六萬多的人口。

泰雅族以『歐茲托夫』祖靈為信仰中心,『黔面』為泰雅族特殊風俗,主要祭典有開墾祭、播種祭、除草祭、收穫祭、人頭祭等,以傳統狩獵及農耕維生,日據時期抗日運動中受創最劇,因此傳統文化流失最多。

泰雅族從語言系統上應該分為泰雅本族(Tayals)與沙徹克支族(Sazets),後者分佈於花蓮縣與南投縣,而前者分佈於宜蘭、台北、桃園、新竹、苗栗等縣,而隨著地區的不同也產生了不同方言。

泰雅歌謠曲調簡單,音域狹窄自然,有一定程度吟誦性與蒼涼孤獨感,歌詞、旋律、節奏皆即興,唱法自由,有飲酒歌、工作歌、情歌、祭儀歌及思鄉、迎賓、過獨木橋歌、歡迎歌、拋棄女子歌、被拋棄女子答唱歌、祭人頭歌等,口簧是其特有樂器,用於傳話、舞蹈、伴奏及奏樂。

泰雅族的民歌,無論從旋律或節奏上來看,都是相當原始的。小三度的二音組織、四度的三音組織(re-fa-sol)、五度的四音組織(re-mi-sol-la)的旋律為最普遍,也有五聲音階的旋律。節奏通常不很明顯,是屬於朗誦的自由節奏,歌詞似乎是即興而不定的。口琴以單簧與雙簧為最多,而用於舞蹈伴奏、暗語表達及表演歌曲。

沙徹克族(或賽德克亞族)的民歌以五度四音(so-la-do-re)與四度三音(la-do-re)組織為最多,是否與他的口琴定音有關,值得考慮。四簧口琴的定音為 sol-la-do-re;三簧口琴的定音為 la-do-re。沙徹克族的民歌,雖然所採取的音組織的音不多,但比較泰雅族旋律與節奏都更富音樂性而固定。過去所保存的固定音型的卡農唱法,今天已逐漸失傳,這是很可惜的事。


許常惠.陳秋廣.林友妹

■ 賽夏族的民歌

賽夏族約於西元前第三個千年之先陶時代(pre-ceramic age)來台,與泰雅族同為最早移入台灣的原住民族群,日人稱為獅設族,以鵝公髻山和橫屏背山脊線分成南北二群,居住於現在新竹縣與苗栗之山地交界,經常受西部漢族(客家系)與東部泰雅族壓迫與影響的小族群。人口約三千左右,是台灣原住民人數較少的族群之一,性情溫和,以農耕為生活。

賽夏族以卡阿依為祖靈,行父系小家庭制,各氏族有圖騰象徵物,並以其為姓氏名,有『缺齒』習俗,以示勇敢、成熟,經濟生產由游耕、狩獵轉變為定耕和林業型態,文明頗受泰雅族人影響,如器物編織技術、黔面等習俗,皆與泰雅族人同。

『矮靈祭』(Pastaai)是賽夏族為祈求矮黑人不計舊惡收回或毀去米糧而行之祭儀,二年一小祭,十年一大祭,分迎神一天、祭神三晚、送神一天共五天舉行,為族中盛事,以十五曲祭祀歌為中心,歌詞分十六章,每章若干節,各節句數不定,每句含七音節,包括押韻、反復法、疊語等,形式整齊講究,曲風沉緩、冗長、掙扎、哀傷,平常禁唱,祭禮前五日允許習唱其中部分,除迎神歌唱外,都伴有五種步調之舞蹈。

賽夏族的民謠,以民族儀式的矮靈祭、勞動工作的農耕、播種、收穫、除草及一般生活類的相思、離別等歌為主。而特別是矮靈祭的傳統祭典歌中保存了古老的歌曲歌詞。五度(或四度)平行唱法與詞句反覆唱法是這一族在老民歌唱法的特點,但前者逐漸失傳,後者仍在祭典及工作歌中保存,例如播種歌中,有如下詞句反覆唱法:

A-B-
A-B-
  B-C-
    C-D-
      D-E-

音組織方面,從五度、四度與八度的基本三音組織起,四度三音、五度三音、五度四音及五聲音階等組織也有。


許常惠.趙旺華

■ Folk Songs Of Taiwan Aborigines

The aborigines of Taiwan belong to the Austronesian group, geographially located on the north-eastern tip of this culturearea.

Because of its isolation from the main group and from the outside world in general, the aborigines in Taiwan still maintain comparatively unadulterated, original, archaic culture of this group.

The music of Taiwan aborigines is unique. When other tribes of this group in South-east Asia developed, beside vocal folk songs, a series of percussion instruments music and a wide range of dance music, Taiwan aborigines devoted themselves almost exclusively to vocal music - the kind of vocal music most rich and complicated both in its styles and its contents. Its styles range from the most primitive from to that of the most complicated modern vocal music. Their contents run the whole gamut from the old worship and magic songs, through working and recreational songs, to every occasions in the life.

Taiwan aborigines songs can be divided into the following groups according to their styles of singing. (Based on Prof. T. Kurozawa's classification)

I. Homophonic singing
 a) recitative
 b) melodic
 c) dialogistic
 d) responsorial (leads and responses)

II. Polyphonic singing
 a) organum style
 b) cannon style
 c) drone-bass style
 d) free contrapuntal

III. Harmonic singing
 a) natural chord style
 b) consonance style
 c) free-chorus style
 d) heterophonic style

Dr. P. C. Lu classified these songs according to their contents as the following.

 a) Working songs : war, hunting, farming, fishing, etc.
 b) Songs of daily life : welcome, farewell, marriage, love, playing, banquet, funeral, yearning, praying, etc.
 c) Songs of ceremony and worship : for ancestors, head-huntings, harvests, festivals, etc.
 d) Narrative songs : ancestral stories, legends, etc.

Among the folk music of various cultures of archaic strata throughout the world, the music of Taiwan aborigines is doubtlessly the most advanced and diversified, forming a marvellous treasury. It is immensely regretted that this national treasures of aborigines folk music are gradually fading away under the errosion and blows of our contemporary civilization of the past decades.

We have collected during past 20 years a good part of this treasury, and are going to publish them systematically, so that we can pass this heritage to the coming generations, and fullfill our responsability in the history of music and ethno-musicology.

■ Tayal Songs

Tayal, a tribe of aborigines, are distributed in the middle to the northern part of Taiwan Island, almost as wide as 1/3 in the area, with 130,000 or more population. However, from the linguistic difference, we may attribute the tribe into two linages, Tayal desent, and Sazeks, and the former mostly reside in the nothern part of the Island, and the latter in the middle part. The songs of Tayal Descent are found thick in the premitive taste both in melody and rhythm, Their melody has characteristic tone system, for instance, Re-Fa, Re-Fa-Sol, Re-Mi-Sol-La, or pentatonic scale, and in the rhythm, it is akin to recitation without extinct one. The tribe are found of a instrument, Jews Harp, which has single, double, triple, and even four leads. Sazeks's tone system and instruments are resembled to the former's, however, the melody and rhysm are rather full of musical characters, and stable. In the past, cannon singing was prevailed, but it has been declined in the younger generation.

■ Saiset's Songs

Saisets Tribe are distributed in the mountain boundary between Hsinchu and Miaoli Prefectures of Taiwan, about 3,000 only in the population, and so affected from Tayals and Hakka a tribe of Cantonese from China, to their living. Their songs can be devided into the categories for ceremony, laboring and living. The typical ceremony song is known as Song of Pygmi ; the songs of labor are always related to their tillage, and the songs for their living are mostly of love or farewell ones. Their typical tone system is Do-Fa-Sol-Do, and pentatonic scale. In the past, organum singing was taken importance, but is declined now to the younger generation. The tribe has characteristics in the text construction, and a capping verses is traditional one, such as

A=B=
 B=C=
  C=D=
   D=E=

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